Pacemaker

A pacemaker is a small, electronic device used to regulate the heart’s electrical activity and maintain its normal rhythm. The heart is an organ that works with electrical signals, and when these signals become irregular or insufficient, the heart rhythm can be disrupted. A pacemaker corrects this condition by sending electrical stimulations to the heart to regulate its rhythm. Pacemakers may be implanted in cases of bradycardia (abnormally slow heart rate), certain conduction disorders (such as advanced heart block), some syncope (fainting) cases, and heart failure.

A pacemaker is usually implanted through a small surgical procedure under local anesthesia. A small incision is made in the upper chest, just below the collarbone, and the device is placed under the skin. The electrode cables are guided through blood vessels into the heart, and when the device detects an abnormal rhythm, it stimulates the heart through these cables to restore normal rhythm. Pacemakers are programmed according to the patient’s needs.

What is a Pacemaker?

A pacemaker ensures that the heart beats regularly and correctly. When heartbeats slow down or become irregular, the body may not receive sufficient blood. A pacemaker helps address these issues by ensuring adequate blood is pumped throughout the body.

How Does a Pacemaker Work?

A pacemaker consists of a generator and electrodes. The generator produces low-voltage electrical signals that are transmitted directly to the heart muscle through the electrodes. The device continuously monitors the heart’s rhythm and provides stimulation when necessary to prevent irregularities.

Why is a Pacemaker Implanted?

A pacemaker is used when there are problems with the heart’s electrical system. It may be necessary in cases where heartbeats are very slow (bradycardia), in conduction disorders such as heart block, or in some advanced cases of heart failure.

What Types of Pacemakers Are There?

Pacemakers are designed in different types depending on the patient’s condition. Single-chamber pacemakers regulate only one chamber of the heart (usually the right ventricle) and are effective for simple rhythm problems. Dual-chamber pacemakers coordinate both the atrium and ventricle, addressing more complex rhythm disorders. Three-chamber (Biventricular or CRT) pacemakers are used in heart failure and help the heart contract more powerfully. There are also devices called ICDs (implantable cardioverter defibrillators) that have shock delivery capabilities. The appropriate type is determined through clinical evaluation.

Are There Risks to Pacemaker Implantation?

As with any surgical procedure, pacemaker implantation carries risks such as infection, bleeding, problems with pacemaker placement, or dislodgement of electrodes. However, these complications are rarely seen.

What Happens if a Pacemaker Is Not Implanted?

If a pacemaker is not implanted when needed, slow or irregular heartbeats can disrupt blood circulation, leading to serious consequences such as fainting, heart failure, or even sudden cardiac arrest.

How is a Pacemaker Implanted?

Pacemaker implantation is a minor surgical procedure performed under local anesthesia. A small incision is made under the skin in the upper chest area, and the device is placed in this region. Thin cables called electrodes are directed to the heart through blood vessels and secured in the appropriate position. The procedure usually takes one to two hours, and the patient is often kept under observation in the hospital overnight.

Patients can usually return to normal activities within a few days. However, for the first few weeks, it is necessary to avoid heavy lifting, straining arm movements, and applying pressure to the area.

How is Pacemaker Maintenance and Follow-up Done?

A pacemaker is monitored with regular check-ups. During these check-ups, the battery status of the pacemaker, electrode function, and rhythm regulation are evaluated. Additionally, when the pacemaker’s battery is depleted, another procedure is performed to replace it.

What Should Patients with Pacemakers Be Aware Of?

Patients with pacemakers should be aware that strong magnetic fields, metal detectors, and high-voltage electronic devices (such as MRI machines or industrial welding equipment) can affect the functioning of a pacemaker, so these environments should be avoided. In daily life, devices like mobile phones generally do not cause problems, but it is recommended to keep the phone at least 15-20 cm away from the pacemaker area.

Exercise approval from the doctor is important. Walking or light-paced activities are generally safe, but heavy lifting or contact sports may pose risks. Medication use should also be regulated by a doctor, as some medications can affect heart rhythm and change the pacemaker’s performance. Routine check-ups should never be skipped. During these visits, the device’s battery life, electrode condition, and general functionality are checked.

Additionally, patients with pacemakers should carry an identification card related to the device and inform medical teams in emergency situations.